In a large mixing bowl, combine 2 cups of all-purpose flour, 1 tablespoon of baking powder, and a pinch of salt (and sugar, if using). Whisk these dry ingredients together until thoroughly blended.

Add 2 tablespoons of softened butter or shortening to the flour mixture and work it into the flour until it resembles coarse crumbs.

Gradually pour in about ¾ cup of water or evaporated milk, stirring gently to bring everything together until a soft, slightly sticky dough forms.

Cover the bowl with a clean kitchen towel and allow the dough to rest for 15 to 20 minutes.

Once rested, lightly flour your work surface, divide the dough into golf ball-sized portions and flatten each into discs about ½ inch thick.

Heat about 2 inches of vegetable oil in a large skillet over medium heat until it reaches around 350°F (175°C).

Carefully place the shaped discs into the hot oil, frying in small batches for about 2–3 minutes on each side until golden brown.

Remove the fried Johnny Cakes with a slotted spoon and transfer them to a plate lined with paper towels to absorb any excess oil.